In 1919, to escape the Béla Kun communist regime, the Wigner family briefly fled to Austria, returning to Hungary after Kun's downfall. They both benefited from the instruction of the noted mathematics teacher László Rátz. A fellow student was János von Neumann, who was a year behind Wigner. Religious education was compulsory, and he attended classes in Judaism taught by a rabbi. From 1915 through 1919, he studied at the secondary grammar school called Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium, the school his father had attended. Wigner's family was Jewish, but not religiously observant, and his Bar Mitzvah was a secular one. His parents sent him to live for six weeks in a sanatorium in the Austrian mountains, before the doctors concluded that the diagnosis was mistaken. At the age of 11, Wigner contracted what his doctors believed to be tuberculosis. During this period, Wigner developed an interest in mathematical problems.
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He was home schooled by a professional teacher until the age of 9, when he started school at the third grade. He had an older sister, Bertha, known as Biri, and a younger sister Margit, known as Manci, who later married British theoretical physicist Paul Dirac. Wigner Jenő Pál was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary on November 17, 1902, to middle class Jewish parents, Elisabeth (Einhorn) and Anthony Wigner, a leather tanner. Werner Heisenberg and Eugene Wigner (1928) In later life, he became more philosophical, and published The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, his best-known work outside technical mathematics and physics. In the postwar period, he served on a number of government bodies, including the National Bureau of Standards from 1947 to 1951, the mathematics panel of the National Research Council from 1951 to 1954, the physics panel of the National Science Foundation, and the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1952 to 1957 and again from 1959 to 1964. He became Director of Research and Development at the Clinton Laboratory (now the Oak Ridge National Laboratory) in early 1946, but became frustrated with bureaucratic interference by the Atomic Energy Commission, and returned to Princeton. Wigner was disappointed that DuPont was given responsibility for the detailed design of the reactors, not just their construction. At the time, reactors existed only on paper, and no reactor had yet gone critical. During the Manhattan Project, he led a team whose task was to design nuclear reactors to convert uranium into weapons grade plutonium. Wigner was afraid that the German nuclear weapon project would develop an atomic bomb first. Roosevelt to initiate the Manhattan Project to develop atomic bombs. Wigner participated in a meeting with Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein that resulted in the Einstein-Szilard letter, which prompted President Franklin D. In 1930, Princeton University recruited Wigner, along with John von Neumann, and he moved to the United States. He is also known for his research into the structure of the atomic nucleus. In particular, Wigner's theorem is a cornerstone in the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics. Along the way he performed ground-breaking work in pure mathematics, in which he authored a number of mathematical theorems. Wigner and Hermann Weyl were responsible for introducing group theory into physics, particularly the theory of symmetry in physics.
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Ī graduate of the Technical University of Berlin, Wigner worked as an assistant to Karl Weissenberg and Richard Becker at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, and David Hilbert at the University of Göttingen. He obtained American citizenship in 1937, and received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles".
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P." Wigner ( Hungarian: Wigner Jenő Pál, pronounced Novem– January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian theoretical physicist who also contributed to mathematical physics.